19^th European Diabetes and Endocrinology Congress

Insulin resistance is a condition in which the body's cells become less responsive to the hormone insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels. As a result, glucose cannot enter cells efficiently, causing the pancreas to produce more insulin to compensate. Over time, this leads to elevated insulin and blood sugar levels, increasing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Insulin resistance is commonly linked to sedentary lifestyles, poor diet, obesity, and genetics. Early detection through lifestyle interventions—such as weight loss, exercise, and balanced nutrition—can significantly reduce progression to diabetes and improve metabolic health.

Childhood obesity is a growing global health concern characterized by excessive body fat accumulation in children and adolescents. It increases the risk of developing chronic conditions such as Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and psychological issues like low self-esteem and depression. Contributing factors include poor dietary habits, physical inactivity, genetic predisposition, and environmental influences. Early intervention is crucial, focusing on promoting healthy eating, regular exercise, and behavioral support. Public health initiatives, school-based programs, and parental involvement play key roles in prevention and management. Addressing childhood obesity is essential to reduce long-term health risks and improve overall quality of life.

Pediatric endocrinology focuses on diagnosing and treating hormonal disorders in children and adolescents. Conditions include growth disorders, Type 1 diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, adrenal diseases, and puberty-related issues. Early detection is crucial, as hormonal imbalances can affect development, growth, and long-term health. Treatment often involves hormone replacement, lifestyle counseling, and continuous monitoring to ensure proper physical and emotional development. Pediatric endocrinologists collaborate closely with families to create individualized care plans. Advances in genetics, endocrinology, and technology are improving outcomes for young patients. Pediatric endocrine care plays a vital role in ensuring healthy transitions from childhood to adulthood.

Innovations in diabetes management are transforming patient care, offering advanced tools for monitoring, treatment, and prevention. Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs), insulin pumps, and artificial pancreas systems provide real-time data and automated insulin delivery. New drug classes such as GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors improve glucose control while protecting against cardiovascular and renal complications. Digital health platforms enable remote monitoring, data sharing, and personalized care. Research into beta-cell regeneration and gene therapy holds promise for future cures. These advancements aim to reduce the burden of diabetes, enhance quality of life, and move closer to precision medicine solutions.

Obesity focuses on achieving sustainable weight loss to reduce the risk of related conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and joint problems. First-line interventions include dietary changes, physical activity, behavioral therapy, and psychological support. Pharmacological options, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists, are used when lifestyle modifications are insufficient. In severe cases, bariatric surgery may be recommended, which can lead to significant improvements in metabolic health. Emerging treatments target appetite regulation, metabolism, and gut hormones. Obesity management requires a multidisciplinary approach, addressing the root causes and promoting long-term lifestyle changes to maintain weight loss and prevent comorbidities.

Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy when hormonal changes cause insulin resistance, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. It usually develops in the second or third trimester and affects both the mother and baby’s health. Risk factors include obesity, family history of diabetes, and advanced maternal age. Proper management includes monitoring blood sugar, adopting a healthy diet, exercising, and sometimes using insulin therapy. If left untreated, it can lead to complications such as preeclampsia, premature birth, or type 2 diabetes later in life. Postpartum follow-up is crucial for both mother and child to prevent long-term metabolic health issues.

Hormonal Replacement Therapy (HRT) involves supplementing hormones to treat deficiencies, particularly during menopause, andropause, or endocrine disorders. In women, HRT addresses symptoms like hot flashes, osteoporosis, and vaginal dryness by replacing estrogen and progesterone. In men, testosterone therapy treats hypogonadism. HRT can also support individuals with adrenal insufficiency or transgender individuals undergoing gender-affirming care. While HRT provides significant benefits, it carries potential risks, including blood clots, cancer, or cardiovascular events, necessitating personalized risk assessments. Recent advancements focus on bioidentical hormones and optimized delivery methods, enhancing safety and efficacy. Proper monitoring ensures therapeutic success and minimizes complications.

Neuroendocrinology explores the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. It focuses on how the brain regulates hormonal activity, influencing metabolism, growth, reproduction, and stress responses. Disorders such as hypothalamic dysfunction, pituitary tumors, and adrenal diseases fall under this specialty. Research in neuroendocrinology has advanced understanding of hormone-related neurological conditions, including mood disorders and neurodegeneration. Diagnostic methods include hormonal testing, neuroimaging, and functional studies. Treatments may involve medications, hormone therapy, or surgical interventions. This field bridges neurology and endocrinology, offering insights into complex diseases and fostering innovative therapies for better health outcomes.

Thyroid disorders involve abnormal function of the thyroid gland, affecting metabolism, energy levels, and growth. Common conditions include hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer. Symptoms range from fatigue, weight changes, and mood alterations to heart palpitations and goiter. Diagnosis involves blood tests for TSH, T3, and T4 levels, as well as imaging and biopsy when necessary. Treatments may include thyroid hormone replacement, antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery. Managing thyroid health is essential due to its widespread impact on other organ systems. Regular screening and early intervention help prevent serious complications and maintain overall wellness.

Endocrine disorders involve the malfunction of hormone-producing glands, leading to imbalances that affect body functions. Common conditions include diabetes, thyroid disorders, adrenal insufficiency, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Symptoms vary depending on the gland affected and may include fatigue, weight changes, growth abnormalities, or reproductive issues. Diagnosis often involves blood tests, imaging studies, and hormonal assays. Treatment may include medication, hormone replacement, lifestyle adjustments, or surgery. Advances in endocrinology have improved early detection and personalized therapies. Managing endocrine disorders requires a multidisciplinary approach to prevent complications and promote long-term health and quality of life.

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to insulin deficiency, insulin resistance, or both. The main types are Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes. Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to severe complications, including heart disease, kidney failure, nerve damage, and vision loss. Management involves lifestyle changes, blood sugar monitoring, medications, and insulin therapy when necessary. Preventive care and early intervention are key to reducing complications. Advances in treatment, including wearable devices and innovative therapies, are improving patient outcomes. Diabetes remains a significant global health challenge, requiring continuous research, education, and healthcare innovation.

Menstrual irregularities include changes in cycle length, missed periods, heavy bleeding, or painful menstruation. They often signal underlying endocrine issues such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, or hormonal imbalances. Stress, obesity, and excessive exercise can also disrupt menstrual cycles. Accurate diagnosis involves hormonal evaluations, imaging studies, and medical history review. Treatment depends on the cause and may include lifestyle modifications, hormonal therapies, or medications to regulate ovulation and menstruation. Addressing menstrual irregularities is essential for reproductive health, fertility planning, and overall well-being. Regular gynecological care and early intervention help prevent long-term complications and improve quality of life.

Bone health is vital for overall mobility, strength, and quality of life. Endocrine disorders such as osteoporosis, hyperparathyroidism, and thyroid dysfunction can negatively affect bone density and increase fracture risk. Calcium and vitamin D intake, along with weight-bearing exercise, are essential for maintaining strong bones. Hormones like estrogen, testosterone, and parathyroid hormone play critical roles in bone remodeling and mineralization. Screening with bone density tests helps detect early bone loss, allowing timely intervention. Treatments may include bisphosphonates, hormone replacement therapy, and newer medications targeting bone metabolism. Promoting lifelong bone health is key to preventing disability in aging populations.

Endocrine cancers originate in hormone-producing glands such as the thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, and pituitary. These rare cancers include thyroid carcinoma, adrenal cortical carcinoma, and neuroendocrine tumors. Symptoms vary based on tumor location but may include hormonal imbalances, unexplained weight changes, or fatigue. Early detection is crucial for effective treatment, which may involve surgery, radiation, targeted therapy, or hormone-suppressing medications. Advances in molecular diagnostics and genetic testing have improved the understanding of endocrine tumor behavior, aiding in personalized treatment planning. Research continues into novel therapies and biomarkers, aiming to improve survival rates and minimize treatment-related side effects.

Circadian rhythms are 24-hour biological cycles regulating sleep, metabolism, hormone release, and other physiological processes. Disruptions in circadian rhythms, such as irregular sleep patterns or shift work, can contribute to metabolic disorders like diabetes, obesity, and endocrine dysfunction. The body’s internal clock, primarily controlled by the brain’s suprachiasmatic nucleus, coordinates daily patterns of glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Chronotherapy, which aligns medical treatments with circadian timing, is an emerging field. Understanding circadian biology aids in optimizing meal timing, medication schedules, and lifestyle interventions to improve metabolic health and prevent chronic diseases. Restoring healthy rhythms promotes overall wellbeing.

Digital health leverages technology to enhance healthcare delivery, improve patient outcomes, and streamline clinical workflows. It encompasses telemedicine, wearable devices, mobile health apps, and electronic health records, enabling real-time monitoring and personalized care. For diabetes and endocrine disorders, digital health tools help track glucose levels, manage medications, and support remote consultations. AI-powered analytics and decision support systems provide predictive insights, assisting in early diagnosis and prevention strategies. Digital health fosters patient engagement, promotes preventive care, and addresses healthcare accessibility challenges. With continuous technological advancements, digital health is revolutionizing chronic disease management and redefining healthcare interactions between patients and providers.

Proper nutrition is essential for managing diabetes, controlling blood sugar levels, and preventing complications. A diabetic diet emphasizes balanced meals with controlled carbohydrate intake, high-fiber foods, lean proteins, healthy fats, and limited sugar and processed foods. Glycemic index and load are considered to avoid rapid glucose spikes. Personalized meal plans, portion control, and regular monitoring help maintain stable glucose levels. Nutritional counseling supports patient education on healthy eating habits and meal planning. Emerging dietary approaches, like the Mediterranean diet and plant-based diets, show promise in improving insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular health. Consistent nutritional management is key to diabetes care.

Diabetes prevention focuses on reducing the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes through lifestyle and behavioral changes. Key strategies include maintaining a healthy weight, adopting a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and managing stress levels. Programs like the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) have demonstrated success in delaying or preventing onset, especially in individuals with prediabetes. Early screening and education play critical roles in prevention efforts. Public health initiatives aim to raise awareness, reduce risk factors, and promote healthier environments. Preventive approaches not only lower healthcare costs but also improve quality of life and reduce the global diabetes burden.

Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. It is commonly associated with obesity, sedentary lifestyles, and genetic predisposition. Unlike Type 1, Type 2 diabetes often develops gradually, primarily in adults, though increasing rates are seen in younger populations. Management includes lifestyle interventions such as diet and exercise, oral medications, and in some cases, insulin therapy. Proper control helps prevent complications like neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular disease. Recent advances focus on personalized medicine, novel drug classes like GLP-1 receptor agonists, and continuous monitoring technologies, aiming to improve long-term outcomes and quality of life.

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to insulin deficiency. It typically develops in childhood or adolescence but can occur at any age. Managing Type 1 diabetes requires lifelong insulin therapy, blood sugar monitoring, and lifestyle adjustments. Modern treatments include insulin pumps, continuous glucose monitors (CGMs), and advanced insulin formulations. Research into artificial pancreas systems and immune therapies is ongoing. Early diagnosis and effective management are essential to prevent complications such as ketoacidosis, cardiovascular disease, and nerve damage. Patient education and support are crucial components of care.

Endocrinology is the branch of medicine focusing on the endocrine system, which regulates hormones controlling metabolism, growth, reproduction, and mood. Endocrinologists diagnose and treat disorders such as diabetes, thyroid diseases, adrenal disorders, osteoporosis, and hormonal imbalances. Hormones act as chemical messengers, and disruptions can affect various organs and systems. Advances in endocrinology include molecular diagnostics, genetic research, and innovative therapies improving patient care. The field also explores the complex interactions between hormones, the immune system, and chronic diseases. With the global rise in endocrine disorders, endocrinology plays a pivotal role in preventive healthcare and chronic disease management.